A close reading of a specific and familiar space Essay

A close reading of a specific and familiar space - Essay Example The field is; thus, arranged in a manner that spectators are far from one another and the playing field is fenced to prevent players from leaving the field to interact with funs. The rules of the game forbid players from any direct interaction with the funs as they may cause incitement. Just like the spectators, the players also are supposed to put on different uniforms to create a distinction between them and ensure they do not confuse their opponents. The game also need there to be three to four referees where one is in control of the game and must move with the players checking for faults or any indiscipline cases that players may commit (Herbert, 2000). The field has several gates for entry by the players as well as spectators. Once inside the field, the fans sit on some slanting benches that allow them for full view of the game and subsequent cheering of their players and teams. Players on The space between the fans side and the soccer field is surrounded by yet another area, but this is meant for athletics and has several parallel lines that allow athletes to run without being blocked by their counterparts (FIFA Circular, 2012). The soccer field is marked to show the edge and within the field there are other markings that players are supposed to know its uses. For example, the two sides has goals posts with markings for the goalkeepers area where players committing any game offense within this region are punished by use of red card for discontinuation or yellow card for warning. The spectators region is always roofed to ensure they are protected from direct sunlight of rain while the players’ area is left open to ensure natural weather conditions prevails for the game and ensure uniformity. This prevents some complains where players may say a given team was favored as the whole players are exposed to same conditions (Herbert, 2000). This space (field) is a representation

Consumer behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer behavior Essay MANILA, Philippines – To understand a Filipino consumer, businesses should focus on 4 factors: beauty, hygiene, health and convenience. These are the key trends that would explain [Filipinos] buying behavior,† stressed Luz Barra, commercial director of consumer knowledge and insights firm, Kantar Worldpanel. READ: Factors influencing Filipinos decision to buy, according to Nielsen In a media briefing on Thursday, September 4, Barra detailed why these matter to the local consumer: Filipinos like to look good Filipino women care about their looks, Barra said, and 72% of them specifically like to improve their hair and change their complexion. This is supported by the purchase growth of 12.6% in hair conditioners and 6.3% in hand and body lotion from June 2009 to June 2013. Being fair is a Filipino consumer’s definition of beauty. Proof is the 10% purchase increase in whitening products versus just 1% in non-whitening products from 2011 to 2013. The purchase of whitening body lotion grew 8% compared to non-whitening lotions 5%. Notable growths were observed from Visayas and Mindanao across socio-economic classes C and E. The beauty trend is also being driven by young households (those with children 12 years old and below) and adult homes (those whose members are 19 and up). They buy mostly from supermarkets and direct sales channels. Germ protection need rises Filipinos also purchased 19% more hand sanitizers and 9% more baby wipes/wet tissues from June 2009 to June 2013. In addition to germ-protection, Filipinos care more about their hygiene with a 54% increase in razor purchase, 11% in panty liners and 10% in sanitary pads. Similar to the trend on beauty, hygiene was driven by Visayas and Mindanao consumers from socio-economic classes D and E who are members of young and mixed households (those with children 12 and below, and teens). We buy healthy Fun runs, exercise and other physical activities have been promoted and practiced more by Filipinos in recent years. In addition, Filipinos are now choosing the healthier lifestyle as shown in their food product choices. On food purchase over the past 5 years, there has been an increase in cereals (17%), yoghurt/cultured milk (9%), canned vegetables (6%) and biscuits (6%). For beverages, purchase increases have been seen in soy milk (20%), bottled water (12%), energy/sports drink (10%), fruit/vegetable juices (7%) and powdered milk (6%). These patterns in purchase behavior have been observed more in North Luzon and Mindanao across socio-economic classes AB, C and E and in mixed and adult homes. Lifestyle on the go Filipinos want food, beverage and cooking choices to be fast, easy and convenient. Over the 5 past years, growth of purchase in ready-to-drink choco drinks (21%), ready-to-drink coffee (17%) and ready-to-drink energy/sports drinks (11%) have increased. Quick and easy meal purchases have also increased including those of instant noodles (9%), instant pasta (7%) and canned meat (7%). There has also been purchase growth among products that make cooking easy, including meal flavorings (17%), liquid seasoning (11%), breading (7%) and bouillon (5%). These patterns have been seen more in South Luzon and Mindanao, among consumers from the socio-economic class C who are mostly from young and adult homes. Businesses may focus on these 4 major categories in order for them to better respond to Filipinos’ preferences, Kantars Barra stressed. – Rappler.com source: http://www.rappler.com/business/38219-4-factors-explain-filipino-buying-behavior

Overview of Pediatrics Malignancies

Overview of Pediatrics Malignancies Muhammad Tahir Saleem I am rotated in the pediatric hematology and oncology ward for clinical practicum as part of the Masters of Nursing (MSc.N) program. Hematology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and related to blood and its functional abnormalities including anemia, polycythemia and hemophilia and all bleeding disorders (Brunner and Suddarths, 2010). Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the cancer in the body (Brunner and Suddarths, 2010). Since human body is composed of cells so the cancer originates from abnormally occurring cells in the body (Porth Matfin, 2009). There are many definition of the word cancer in medicine, but whatever the way of defining cancer is adopted, the definition should incorporate two properties: uncontrollable growth of cells originating from normal tissues, and property of killing of host by means of using components of surrounding tissues or by spreading to other organs (metastases) to other organ and sys tems of the human body (Itano Taoka, 2005). Some experts define cancer as the autonomous growth of the body cells that is unresponsive to the physiological growth-control mechanism of the body which is responsible for homogenous development of all body organs normally. Other have define cancer as a condition in which normally growing cells lose their structure, appearance and functioning (shoib book). The cells also lose their self-destructive ability (apoptosis) to die after certain period of time as they do normally (e.g. red blood cells die after 120 days) and the cells tend to live longer and at times become immortal and disturb the functions of other normal cells. There are certain terminologies that are frequently referred to the set of events occurred during the pathogenesis of cancer. These terminologies are dysplasia, metaplasia and anaplasia. Dysplasia is a disruption in the size, appearance, and arrangement of cells and tissues (Porth Matfin, 2009). Dysplasia is abnormal tissue development but not yet cancerous. Dysplastic changes frequently occur in the mucosal lining of the mouth, nose, intestine and cervix where the cells keep on going under cellular multiplication, differentiation, organization and replacement of new cells (Porth Matfin, 2009). The epithelial lining of elementary canal (mouth to anus) completely changes in three days. So it is the frequent site of papilloma formation as a result of dysplastic changes. The epithelial lining of the mouth of cervix also changes as a result of dysplastic changes due to human papilloma virus (Porth Matfin, 2009). Dysplasia is also present in chronic inflammatory and proliferative lesio ns, and it is recognized as part of a developmental phase of many cancers. Metaplasia is the substitution of one cell type with another cell type, for example in smokers ciliated columnar bronchial epithelium is replaced by non-ciliated squamous epithelium due to the constant exposure of smoke to the bronchus (Porth Matfin, 2009). Metaplasia is also considered as the developmental phase in many neoplasms. Anaplasia is the structural change and cellular appearance and inability to perform the normal functions of a cell. This stage of cellular changes is known as cancerous (Porth Matfin, 2009). Anaplastic cells resemble the undifferentiated primitive cells that have not developed specialized structure and functioning typical of their tissue of origin. In other words, the newly formed tissue from muscle cell or nerve cell, for example ,remain in the premature state as a result of anaplastic changes and do not perform its original functions. The degree of anaplasia may differ from one type of cancer cells to other type of cancers from poorly differentiated to undifferentiated cells; sometimes the tumor cells are so undifferentiated that it is not possible to decide the tissue from which the cancer cells are originated (Porth Matfin, 2009). Here, the terms hyperplasia and hypertrophy are worth mentioning. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are normal physiological responses. Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the cellular count in a tissue or organ causing an increase in the size of that organ, whereas hypertrophy is the increase in the size of cells not the number (Porth Matfin, 2009). Neither hypertrophy, nor the hyperplasia is the synonym of tumor growth. Hyperplasia is induced by know stimuli and it is a controlled process and it stops as the stimuli is removed. One example of stimuli induced hyperplasia is the increase in the size and number of cells of uterus in pregnancy under the influence estrogen for accommodation of developing embryo. The uterus comes to normal state after the stimuli of estrogen is gone after delivery. In addition, hyperplasia may also serve a useful role in the body, for example breast tissue undergoes hyperplastic changes after pregnancy for production of milk or re-forming the liver with structurally typical hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. Abnormal cancerous development follows none of these usual physiological rules or purposes (Porth Matfin, 2009). However, cancerous cells may eventually employ the hyperplasia in its pathogenesis pathways. Because, hyperplasia and dysplasia often fall into the development of many tumors by months or years, timely identification and proper treatment at this early stage in the pathological process may help to prevent malignancies (Porth Matfin, 2009). For example, the Papanicolaou Smear (or pap smear) allows pathologists to distinguish between normal, dysplastic or cancerous cells. The pap-smear is a technique that allows early detection of the cervical cancer and it has enormously reduced the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer. Pathologically, tumors can be classified into benign and malignant. The word benign means kind, gentle or caring and suggests that such tumor are harmless. These tumors are mostly encapsulated by well defined fibrous cover that separates the mass from surrounding tissues. A benign tumor, neither invade surrounding tissue nor metastasizes. These tumor exhibit lesser degree of anaplasia and grow slowly. Recurrence is very rare after surgical removal in benign tumors. The benign tumors are named by adding suffix -oma in the name of tissue they are originating in. For example, Lipoma, Adenoma, fibroma and papilloma are some of the example of adding suffix –oma in the type of origin of tumor (Itano Taoka, 2005). Whereas, malignant tumors usually infiltrate or invade surrounding tissues, these tumors are not encapsulated, genetically instable and with greater degree of anaplasia from the tissue of origin. They grow autonomously with no control of body homogenous development. The fo llowing table compares the properties of benign and malignant tumors (Itano Taoka, 2005). Difference Between Benign and Malignant Tumor Characteristic Benign Tumor Malignant Tumor Structure and differentiation Typical of tissue of origin Atypical of tissue origin Rate of growth Usually slow May be slow, rapid, very rapid Progression Slowly progressive (may remain stationary; may regress): rarely fatal if treated Usually progressive, almost always fatal if untreated Mode of growth Expansion with capsule Local infiltration and/or metastasis to distant sites Tissue destruction None Common, ulceration and necrosis Recurrence Rare Common Prognosis Fatal only if surgically inaccessible Fatal if uncontrolled (untreated) Core Curriculum of Oncology Nursing. St. Louis, Messori: Elsevier; 2005 Cancer can also be characterized in two types on the basis of structure, solid tumor and cancer of the blood. Cancer of the blood and lymphatic systems are mostly leukemia and lymphomas, where as solid tumors are originating in the organ like central nervous system, kidneys, eyes, bones and in soft tissues. Childhood malignancies mostly originate in blood, bone marrow and in lymphatic systems. Cancer of genitourinary system, respiratory system, and caner of digestive system are rare in children as the statistics furnished by the cancer research organization UK, 2012 (www.cancerresearch.org). The incidence chart of the childhood cancers is as follows: The incidence chart of the childhood cancers Cancer Type Incidence Leukemia 34% CNS tumors 23% Lymphoma 11% Neuroblastoma 6% Renal tumor (e.g. Wilm’s tumor) 6% Soft tissue sarcomas 6% Bone tumors 5% Retinoblastoma 3% Epithelial neoplasms 3% Germ cell tumors 2% Liver Tumors 1% Oxford handbook of Pediatric hematology and oncology, 2010. A brief description of pediatric cancers is given below. Leukemia Leukemia is the cancer that affects the cell lining of white blood cells. White blood cells are of tow type; granulocytes (Lymphoid cell) and agranulocytes (Myeloid cell). Lymphoid cells are further subdivided in B-cell Lymphocytes and T-Cell Lymphocytes, whereas, myeloid cells are of three types, Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophil (Porth Matfin, 2009). Leukemia is further sub divided into acute and chronic; acute leukemia are termed when the anaplastic changes occurred in the pre matured leukocytes that has just transformed from the stem cells in the bone marrow, whereas, chromic leukemias’ are termed when the anaplastic changes occur in more matured stage or adult leukocytes. The four types of leukemias are as follows Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia accounts for 80-90% among all types of leukemia in childhood. AML accounts for 15% and CML 5% (Itano Taoka, 2005). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is further subdivided incidence wise according to cell linage involved as elaborated by Moore and Hurvitz (2008). Pre B-cell 70% T-Cell 15-25% B-Cell 15% Treatment of acute leukemia involves induction for complete remission, followed by intensification and maintenance therapy. Prophylaxis to the CNS is done by Intra-thecal (IT) chemo administration. Standard treatment for ALL leads to long term remission in more than 85% of cases. Induction therapy employs Vincristine, Prednisone, and L-Asparagenase +/- Danurubicin (depending upon risk satisfaction) Intensification; all induction medicine with the inclusion of CNS prophylaxis Maintenance therapy includes oral Mercaptopurin (6MP) with methotrexate (MTX) weekly for two to three years Many patients in the chemo-pediatrics receive monthly intra-thecal (IT) pulses of Vincristine with prednisolone/dexa as part of maintenance. One or two cycles of a re-induction regimen were often added but not in contemporary practice (Moore Hurvitz, 2008). Good prognostic factors for ALL: WBC Bad Prognostic factors for ALL: WBC>50,000/uL, age10years, Other poor prognostic factors are massive organomegaly, CNS involvement at diagnosis, medaistinal mass and failure to achieve remission by day 14 to 28 of induction, with presence of Philadelphia chromosome. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) AML requires intensive chemotherapy followed by hemotopotic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation if a suitable matched related donor is available. Five years survivals for these patients are more than 85% with good prognosis (Bailey Skinner, 2010). Lymphomas Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin Lymphomas: Lymphomas are the tumor of lymphocytes (B T cells) that originate in the lymph tissue that is fixed to organs and lymph nodes not in peripheral circulation. As in the case of leukemias, lymphomas also involved both B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes but they are confined to the lymph nodes or other lymphatic organs not the peripheral blood. They typically presents with a solid mass in a lymph node, spleen, bone marrow and in any organ. Other than lymph tissue, they may present in tonsils, skin, brain, bowel and bone. Lymphomas are closely related to lymphoid leukemias that involves the circulating lymphatic cells. Lymphomas are better controlled by treating with chemotherapy. Five years survivals for these pediatric lymphoma patients are more than 90% with good prognosis (Itano Taoka, 2005). Brain tumors These are of four types, depending upon the type of cells from where the tumor is initiating. Gliomas, Appendimomas, Meduloblastomas, and Schewanomas are some of the types of central nervous system tumors (CNS). Some CNS tumors are associated with high mortality and respond poorly chemo. Cranio-spinal radiation is often employed as part of the treatment regimen for older kids but radiation is deferred in children age less than 3 years due to the chance of fibrosis of growing skull bones and vertebral bones; however radiation is avoided in most of the younger children (Bailey Skinner, 2010). Tumor of the renal system Wilm’s tumor is tumor of renal system. Histological name of the cancer is nephroblastoma. It needs radiation and chemo both for the eradication of disease. Size of the tumor is reduced by using chemo and radiation. After the shrinkage of renal tumor, surgery proved to be beneficial. Three years survival is 75% in patients of nephroblastoma (Bailey Skinner, 2010). Soft tissue tumors Soft tissue tumors originate from connective tissue of cartilage and bone forming fibrous tissue, smooth muscles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, fat tissue, synovial tissue, and peripheral nerves. The most common type of soft tissue tumor in childhood is rhebdomysarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma: It originates form the striated muscle tissue. It most commonly originates in head and neck area. Only 15% presents outside of the head and neck region. It is treated with chemo and radiation therapy. The prognosis of this cancer is good if treatment is started at early stage (Bailey Skinner, 2010). Retinoblastoma Retina is nervous tissue. Retina is only neuronal tissue that is visible through the naked eye. The tumor that arises from it also primitive neuronal ectodermic stem cells that were remain undifferentiated in fetal life and present like tumor in the very first years of life. Most patient get die due to extension of these neuronal tumors to CNS through optic nerve. In localized tumor survival is 100% but in metastatic tumor the survival ratio decrease. As described by Bailey and Skinner, (2010) many chemotherapeutic agents are used in treatment of retinoblastoma e.g. Vincristine, Actinomycin D, cyclopahsmamide, and doxorubicin. Germ Cell Tumors This tumor arises from primitive stem cells of the fetal life that remained immature during fetal development and were not able to fully develop (differentiate) to mature cells of the organs. Human embryo develops from the three layers of the germ cells. These layers are ectoderm (outermost), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (innermost). Ectoderm develops into skin, sweat glands and nervous system, mesoderm develop into bones flesh, blood vessels and lymphoid tissue whereas, endoderm develop into genitourinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory system. Germ cell tumor arises from the immature stem cells that were left undifferentiated in the fetal life. This tumor has good prognosis in early diagnosis (Langhorne, Fulton Otto, 2007). The rotation in pediatric oncology ward is challenging as well as exciting. The nurses here have to be extra conscious about all care related issues. Building rapport with the children is paramount to the effective nursing care of them. Childhood cancers are rare but children diagnosed with cancer may develop subtle anti social behavior during the long term therapy of the disease. This makes nurses to be equipped with extra psychosocial adaptation with children. As chemotherapy is widely used as the treatment modality besides surgery and radiation therapy, hence, pediatric population is vulnerable more than the adult in developing disease/treatment related debilitating symptoms like febrile neutropenia and tumor lysis syndrome . Parents’ education is paramount in adhering to the treatment regimen and prevention of nutropenia. Many patients came in pediatric oncology ward for port-a-cath needle insertion and dressing of PICC line. Nurses are meticulously involved in caring abou t the patients. Helping the physician in safely administration of intrathecal medication (IT) is also the job of nurses. The rotation bringing new horizons of learning and I am learning a lot about pediatric cancer care a lot. Reference: Moore, T.B. Hurvitz, C.G.H. (2008). In Cassiato,D.A. Territo, M.C. (2008). Manual of clinical oncology. 6th Ede. Philadelphia: LWW. Ch 18. Pp 397-408. Childhood cancer incidence: Retrieved from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/childhoodcancer/ Site last updated 14/11/2012. Bailey.S, Skinner, R.(2010).Oxford specialist handbook of pediatric hematology and oncology. Oxford university press. Porth, C.M, Matfin, G., (2009). Pathophysiology concept of altered health. Ed 8th. Philadelphia: LWW. Ch 5. Pp. 95-98. Langhorne, M.E, Fulton, J.S, Otto, S.E., (2007). Oncology Nursing. Ed 5th. St Louis, Messori: Mosbay. Ch3. P3. Itano, J. K, Taoka, K. N. (2005). Core Curriculum of Oncology Nursing. St. Louis, Messori: Elsevier. Ch 20. Pp 443.

The Effects of Media Violence on Children Essay examples -- Media Viol

   Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent times, the news media has cried out against violent media, painting it as the leading cause for youth violence. Following events such as the Columbine massacre, news sources have vilified violent media, claiming that it is a primary cause of violent behavior in youths. This analysis provides firm research on the subject from the opposing and supporting sources, giving a thorough definition to the term â€Å"violent media† and  Ã‚  brings forth evidence that other psychological effects and environmental factors are more significant causes of increased youth aggression than violent media.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is a significant issue in modern society. Every new generation of high school and college students seems to have a new and increasingly violent incident of students being violent to others, often resulting in large numbers of injured or killed children. Whether it be the Columbine High School shooting, the Virginia Tech incident, or any of the dozens of school shootings that have occurred worldwide in the twenty-first century, violence is rapidly becoming more prevalent and more recognizable in youth culture. That being said, shootings are not the only source of violence in the new youth generation. Fighting, gang activity, and other organized violence is quickly increasing in number and severity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most intimidating factor of this massive increase in violent behavior is that nobody really knows why it is happening. Youths are simply becoming more violent. Researchers in child psychology are trying to find the leading causes of violence, but simply cannot—a child or young adult can easily have his or her mind influenced by a number of outside factors. One's peers may make any measurable change in how a child behaves, leading the child to act in a more violent or aggressive manner to fit in. A youth may be influenced by his or her environment, whether it is poor and obtrusive enough to lead the youth to begin making poor lifestyle decisions or positive to the point the youth begins rebelling by lashing out. Witnessing violence first-hand may also have a lasting effect on a child, in some cases going as far as to give the child a permanent personality disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News authorities constantly fill the airwaves with stories of youths committing heinous, harmful acts against others—whether they ar... ...Of Violent Video Games."  Psychiatric Quarterly  78.4 (2007): 309-316.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.   Ferguson, Christopher J. "The School Shooting/Violent Video Game Link: Causal Relationship Or Moral Panic?."  Journal Of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling  5.1/2 (2008): 25-37.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.   Margolin, Gayla, and Katrina A. Vickerman. "Posttraumatic Stress In Children And Adolescents Exposed To Family Violence: I. Overview And Issues."  Professional Psychology, Research & Practice  38.6 (2007): 613-619.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. Polman, Hanneke, Bram Orobio de Castro, and Marcel A.G. van Aken. "Experimental Study Of The Differential Effects Of Playing Versus Watching Violent Video Games On Children's Aggressive Behavior."  Aggressive Behavior  34.3 (2008): 256-264.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. T. L. Cheng, et al. "Urban Youths' Perspectives On Violence And The Necessity Of Fighting." Injury Prevention  10.5 (2014): 287-91.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. "Violence."  Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.    The Effects of Media Violence on Children Essay examples -- Media Viol    Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent times, the news media has cried out against violent media, painting it as the leading cause for youth violence. Following events such as the Columbine massacre, news sources have vilified violent media, claiming that it is a primary cause of violent behavior in youths. This analysis provides firm research on the subject from the opposing and supporting sources, giving a thorough definition to the term â€Å"violent media† and  Ã‚  brings forth evidence that other psychological effects and environmental factors are more significant causes of increased youth aggression than violent media.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is a significant issue in modern society. Every new generation of high school and college students seems to have a new and increasingly violent incident of students being violent to others, often resulting in large numbers of injured or killed children. Whether it be the Columbine High School shooting, the Virginia Tech incident, or any of the dozens of school shootings that have occurred worldwide in the twenty-first century, violence is rapidly becoming more prevalent and more recognizable in youth culture. That being said, shootings are not the only source of violence in the new youth generation. Fighting, gang activity, and other organized violence is quickly increasing in number and severity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most intimidating factor of this massive increase in violent behavior is that nobody really knows why it is happening. Youths are simply becoming more violent. Researchers in child psychology are trying to find the leading causes of violence, but simply cannot—a child or young adult can easily have his or her mind influenced by a number of outside factors. One's peers may make any measurable change in how a child behaves, leading the child to act in a more violent or aggressive manner to fit in. A youth may be influenced by his or her environment, whether it is poor and obtrusive enough to lead the youth to begin making poor lifestyle decisions or positive to the point the youth begins rebelling by lashing out. Witnessing violence first-hand may also have a lasting effect on a child, in some cases going as far as to give the child a permanent personality disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News authorities constantly fill the airwaves with stories of youths committing heinous, harmful acts against others—whether they ar... ...Of Violent Video Games."  Psychiatric Quarterly  78.4 (2007): 309-316.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.   Ferguson, Christopher J. "The School Shooting/Violent Video Game Link: Causal Relationship Or Moral Panic?."  Journal Of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling  5.1/2 (2008): 25-37.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.   Margolin, Gayla, and Katrina A. Vickerman. "Posttraumatic Stress In Children And Adolescents Exposed To Family Violence: I. Overview And Issues."  Professional Psychology, Research & Practice  38.6 (2007): 613-619.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. Polman, Hanneke, Bram Orobio de Castro, and Marcel A.G. van Aken. "Experimental Study Of The Differential Effects Of Playing Versus Watching Violent Video Games On Children's Aggressive Behavior."  Aggressive Behavior  34.3 (2008): 256-264.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. T. L. Cheng, et al. "Urban Youths' Perspectives On Violence And The Necessity Of Fighting." Injury Prevention  10.5 (2014): 287-91.  Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. "Violence."  Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.   

Locke and Hobbes and Their Philosophical Views

When one thinks of the great philosophers of the 16th and 17th centuries, the names John Locke and Thomas Hobbes automatically come to mind.   Both men were instrumental in the philosophical world.   Both were educated at Oxford and both chose a self-imposed exile to Holland because of their political views. On the state of nature, John Locke believed that God created the world and man.   Therefore, all men are equal.   No one has the right to take a life and that also applied to suicide.   He felt that all men were entitled to life, liberty, health and property.   However, he felt that government was something that took away these rights instead of insuring them.   To him, it seemed that only God was to have control of man. While Locke felt that man was better off without laws and government, Thomas Hobbes thought that it would be a complete state of confusion if this were to take place.   Without laws, people would be able to avenge any wrong that they felt was done to them.   He felt that it would leave man in a constant state of fear because there would be no safety.   Disputes would become a time of violence according to Hobbes. John Locke thought that a world without government would return man to his simpler, more rightful place.   This idea derives from the idea that no one man has the right to be in charge of another.   With the act of government and enforcement of laws, there are people who would have to do the enforcing of the laws.   Unfortunately, this would pit man against man and that would go against the natural order that should exist. Hobbes ideas of government seem contradictory.   In one sense he believed in a government with absolute authority, but then he states that man should not obey a law if it takes away his dignity and honor.   Hobbes felt that no one should even question whether one should obey authority of his/her government and that for anyone to be able to choose which laws that would be obeyed was insanity and would lead to complete confusion. Locke’s thoughts on the rights of each individual is that of self-ownership.   In other words, an individual was completely responsible for himself/herself and answered only to God.   He did believe in self-discipline and strict moral character.   He thought that even the monarch had to answer to God.   So he thought that all people should have equal rights and all rights should be afforded to all people. Since Hobbes was a Calvinist, he believed that man was inherently evil while Locke believed that it was society that was evil.   Hobbes believed that men needed something to dictate his behavior.   That is why he believed in a strong government which allowed certain civil rights, but not others.   He also believed that it was possible for some to enjoy more rights than others because of their behavior. Both men also had strong feelings on the right to revolt or rebel.   Locke felt that one of the true reasons that it would be right to rebel against a government was if that government was not a legitimate government.   The way that people could tell that a government was not a legitimate government was to look at how it believed in the rights of the individual.   If the government believed that it was right for a man to be enslaved or took away other rights that others shared, then that government should encounter a rebellion of its people. Hobbes on the other hand believed that revolt and rebellion would lead to mayhem.   He sighted that the French revolution ended in many useless executions of working class people because of a rebellion against the government.   He agreed that to change the government, one should change it by changing the laws and not by rebellion. Rene` Descartes was a philosopher who was known as the father of modern philosophy.   He was called that because he used much from science and math.   He believed that the body represented the physical world and the mind represented the metaphysical.   Descartes felt that if one was out of sort then the other would be as well.   He felt that everything in the natural world had to work together and so should the body and the mind.   The body was the physical organs while the mind was composed of the brain and the neurological system.   It was quite possible for a dysfunction of the brain to allow something in the body to not work properly. Locke, Hobbes, and Descartes gave great contributions to the world of philosophy.   They were in many ways different.   However they did cause the world to stop and think and not just take things at face value. Works Cited Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7, July 2007, http://plato.stanford.edu/  

Alzheimer Disease Not Just Memory Loss Essay Example

Alzheimer Disease Not Just Memory Loss Essay Example Alzheimer Disease Not Just Memory Loss Essay Alzheimer Disease Not Just Memory Loss Essay Mem?ry loss ?s like ?n old age wh?re ?t ?s ? c?nd?ti?n which m?nk?nd h?s always reluct?ntly recognized ?nd always w?th resign?ti?n. Mem?ry loses ?r? s?metimes trivial ?nd me?n?ngless ?nd g? unrecognized. Howev?r, when th?se losses ?r? s? gre?t th?t ? p?rs?n does n?t kn?w who ?r wh?re th?y ?r? th? c?nc?rns ?r? qu?te grave. Although ?t ?s realize th?t Alzheim?rs d?se?se destroys th? bra?n mem?ry functi?n, m?ny do n?t realize prec?sely how th? mem?ry ?s destroyed ?nce ?ne ?s aw?r? ?f th? process; ?t b?comes f?st?r t? w?rk f?rw?rd t? ?llevi?te th? destructi?n.W?thout mem?ry th?re ?s n? kn?wledge t? recre?te ?r reproduce p?st p?rcepti?ns, emoti?ns, thoughts ?nd acti?ns th?t ?r? s? v?tal t? live ? full ?nd functi?n?ng l?fe. Mem?ry ?s th? key th?t unlocks do?rs th?t keep us functi?n?ng, n?t ?nly ment?lly but physic?lly. Discussion As ? new era dawns up?n us m?ny people f?nd th?mselves ask?ng th? questi?n; Wh?t is Alzheimers Disease? Alzheimers Disease t?day affects almost ?ll people ?n so me way. S?nce th? amount ?f lives this disease affects c?nt?nues t? ?ncrease epidemiologists have named Alzheimers Disease, Th? Disease ?f th? Century. Edw?rds?n, 2007, p361-362) ?n 1906 ? Germ?n neurologist Alois Alzheimer perf?rmed ? neurological aut?psy ?n ? 56-ye?r-old wom?n who had suffered deteri?r?t?ng mental health f?r m?ny ye?rs b?f?re her de?th. Alzheimer noticed ? dis?rg?niz?ti?n ?f nerve cells ?n her cerebral c?rtex, th? ?rea ?f th? bra?n resp?nsible f?r c?ntroll?ng mem?ry ?nd reas?n?ng. Th?re were two odd?ties he found. Th? first was ?n accumul?ti?n ?f cellul?r debris surround?ng th? nerves he c?lled this senile plaque. Th? sec?nd odd?ty were groups ?f nerves th?t were bunched ?nd twisted he c?lled this neur?fibrill?ry t?ngles. n th? follow?ng ye?rs as m?re aut?psies were c?nducted th? same odd?ties th?t were found ?n 1906 were found ?n p?tients display?ng th? same sympt?ms. ?t th?t time ? prestigious Germ?n psychi?trist, Emil Kraepel?n, proposed nam?ng th? disease ?n h ?n?r ?f ?ts discoverer Alois Alzheimer. (First, 2008, p56-88) Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimers Disease is ? chr?nic bra?n dis?rder th?t destroys ?nes abil?ty t? reas?n, rememb?r, imag?ne ?nd le?rn. Th? disease is also known as senile dementia ?r pre-senile dementia. Dementia refers t? th? lost ?f mental health. Th? term senile me?ns old. Pre-Senile refers t? those p?tients less th?n 65 ye?rs ?f age. Lesi?ns ?n bra?n cells th?t take th? f?rm ?f senile plaques ?nd neur?fibrill?ry t?ngles cause Alzheimers Disease. Healthy bra?n tissue is n?rm?lly ?rr?nged ?n ?n ?rg?nized p?ttern. Th?se knots ?nd t?ngles throw th? bra?n ?nt? mass c?nfusi?n tak?ng over ?nd destroy?ng healthy bra?n tissue. This causes th? bra?n cells t? st?p functi?n?ng. Recently ? prote?n Tau has b?en discovered ?n th?se t?ngles ?nd knots. This prote?n is found ?n healthy bra?n cells, but is found ?n much l?rger qu?nt?ties surround?ng ?reas affected by this disease.Oth?r ailments have b?en l?nked t? th? ?nset ?f th? disease. Th?se ?nclude head trauma, problems w?th th? immune system, blood c?ncer, thyroid problems ?nd Downs Syndrome. Stages ?f Alzheimer’s Disease Th?re ?re four dist?nct stages ?f progressi?n. Th? progressi?n ?f Alzheimers c?n take from three t? fourteen ye?rs. This time sp?n is based ?n th? time from diagnosis t? de?th. ?ll p?tients g? through th?se stages just ?t d?fferent r?tes. Th? first stage ?f Alzheimers th? p?tient experiences ? slow?ng down ?f m?ny fact?rs ?f b?havi?r. Th?y have less energy, slow t? le?rn new th?ngs, ?nd th?ir reacti?n time decreases.P?tients experience ?nly mild f?rgetfulness ?f recent events, famili?r people ?nd places. Th?y have ? decrease ?n judgment, ?nd trust. Also, th?y b?come ?ncreas?ngly stubb?rn ?nd restless. M?ny people ?re unaw?re ?f th? presence ?f ? disease b?cause frequently mem?ry loss is comm?n ?n th? elderly due t? f?tigue ?r ? period ?f sickness. (Gelb, 2006, p1393-1400) ?n th? sec?nd stage th? p?tient b?comes ?ncreas?ngly f?r getful ?nd has m?re trouble rec?ll?ng recent occurrences. Th?y have d?fficulty ?n skills such as decisi?n mak?ng, pl?nn?ng ?nd judgment.Th? p?tients speech ?nd comprehensi?n b?come much slower ?nd ?ften loose th?ir tra?n ?f thought ?ften. Th?y ?re usu?lly able t? complete comm?n tasks but need assist?nce w?th m?re complic?ted ?nes. Th?y must b? given cle?r ?nd repe?ted ?nstructi?ns by c?regivers. Victims st?rt t? b?come aw?re ?f illness ?nd b?come depressed, irr?table, restless, ?nd soci?lly w?thdrawn. ?n th? third stage Alzheimer p?tients loose ?ll abil?ty t? recognize famili?r people ?nd places. Th?y have trouble complet?ng simple everyday tasks like e?t?ng, b?th?ng, gett?ng dressed ?nd us?ng th? t?ilet.Th?y lack ?nterest ?n pers?nal hygiene ?nd loose ?ll sexual ?nst?ncts. Th?y have d?fficulty communic?t?ng verb?lly. P?tients ?re easily ag?t?ted ?nd deny th?y ?re ill. Th? fourth stage ?f Alzheimers Disease is th? stage th?t ultim?tely leads t? de?th. P?tients ?re unable t? recogni ze th?mselves ?nd close family memb?rs. Th?y b?come b?dridden; ?nd ?nly slight useless movements ?re made. Th? ?nly way ?f communic?ti?n th?y use is scream?ng out. Diagnosis ?f Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis ?f this disease is very d?fficult. Doct?rs ?re ?nly 100% certa?n ?f th? presence ?f th? disease from aut?psies ?fter de?th.Diagnosis is based ?n th? judgment ?f physici?ns ?nd th?ir experience w?th Alzheimers Disease. Current accuracy ?f c?rrect diagnosis is 90%. Recently th?y have discovered ? way t? test th? level ?f Tau prote?n; this has helped w?th c?rrect diagnosis. Sometimes mental tests ?re run t? test th? mem?ry, le?rn?ng skills, l?nguage skills, ?nd th? abil?ty t? follow ?nstructi?ns. (H?rm?n, 2005, p155-187) M?ny people also questi?n th? hered?ty ?f th? disease. ?t has b?en found th?t some f?rms ?f th? disease ?re hered?t?ry. Th? Pre-Senile Alzheimers which usu?lly sets ?n ?n ? pers?n ?round 40, 50 ye?rs ?f age is found t? b? hered?t?ry.Th?re ?re three types ?f g enetic prote?ns th?t have b?en l?nked t? Alzheimer p?tients apoliprote?n E2, E3, ?nd E4. Those who ?nher?t E4 have ? higher ch?nce ?f develop?ng th? disease. ?ne scientist, B?rb?ra Talamo, has discovered th? tissue found ?n th? upper nose g?es through th? same ch?nges th?t th? cerebral c?rtex tissue g?es through. She pl?ns ?n f?nd?ng out ?f this tissue found ?n th? nose deteri?r?tes ?t th? same r?te ?f th?t found ?n Alzheimer p?tients. ?f so this could lead t? th? e?rly diagnosis ?f Alzheimers. Tre?tment ?f Alzheimer’s Disease Currently tre?tment is focus?ng ?n slow?ng progressi?ns ?nd cop?ng w?th sympt?ms. ne drug, THA, is ? drug th?t helps t? boost levels ?f acetylchol?ne, ? chemical th?t is ?nvolved ?n mem?ry. Two FDA approved drugs bng tested ?re Tacr?ne ?nd D?nepezil th?se drugs ?re also t? help mem?ry. Although, th?se drugs cause side affects, D?nepezil is found t? cause nausea, cramps ?nd lose ?f appet?te. Estrogen f?r women has b?en found t? have ? pos?tive affect ?n Alzheimer p?tients mental decl?ne. ?t helps mem?ry, l?nguage skills, ?nd th? abil?ty t? c?ncentr?te. Nicot?ne has also b?en found t? slow th? f?rm?ti?n ?f senile plaque, improve mem?ry, le?rn?ng ?nd c?ncentr?ti?n.Doct?rs do not suggest this use ?f tre?tment ?t ?ll; nicot?ne causes lung c?ncer, emphysema, high blood pressure, he?rt ?ttacks ?nd strokes. Currently 4 milli?n people ?n America have b?en diagnosed w?th Alzheimers Disease. ?t is projected w?th th? ag?ng Baby Boomers th?t 14 milli?n people will b? diagnosed ?n th? upcom?ng ye?rs. (Salib, 2008, p12-43) Drugs t? Aid ?n th? Tre?tment Th?re ?re currently two drugs t? aid ?n th? tre?tment ?f Alzheimer’s disease. Th?se drugs ?re ?nly effective dur?ng th? first couple ye?rs ?f th? disease. Th? drugs ?re c?lled Cognex ?nd ?ricept.Both ?f th?se drugs w?rk by ?ncreas?ng ? chemical ?n th? bra?n th?t w?rks w?th mem?ry. Th?y do not cure th? disease, but th?y do produce some improvement ?n p?tients. This disease is obviously ? h?r rible ?ne. ?t c?n rip ? family ap?rt, ?nd th?re is noth?ng th?t c?n b? d?ne about ?t. Hopefully, ?ne day ? cure will b? found, but ?n th? me?n time, Alzheimeraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease has t?tal c?ntrol over ? pers?n who is afflicted w?th ?t. ?t also has c?ntrol over th? family ?f th? pers?n afflicted w?th ?t. Almost every?ne ?n this country has some s?rt ?f tie t? this disease, ?nd this is why m?re rese?rch should b? d?ne ?n hopes ?f f?nd?ng ? cure.This disease affects 10% ?f those over 65 ye?rs old ?nd 50% ?f those over th? age ?f 85. ?ne-Half ?f those liv?ng ?n nurs?ng homes ?re liv?ng w?th Alzheimers. Seven out ?f 10 p?tients live ?t home; family memb?rs c?re f?r 75% ?f th?m; th? oth?r 25% ?f th?m ?re c?red f?r by hired c?regivers. ?t has also b?en found th?t 55% ?f c?regivers show some signs ?f depressi?n. Alzheimers occurs m?re ?ften ?n women ?nd ?n Afric?n Americ?ns ?r Hisp?nics. (Slo?ne, 2007, p98-132) Alzheimer’s Disease – ? Costly Disease Alzheimers Disease is ? very costly disease; ?t is th? third most costly disease ?fter he?rt c?nd?ti?ns ?nd c?ncer. n 1998 th? U. S. G?vernment spent approxim?tely $90 billi?n ?n medical c?re ?nd $400 billi?n t? rese?rch. This disease costs ? family $174,000 ? ye?r ?n c?re giv?ng ?nd ?noth?r $42,000 ? ye?r ?n nurs?ng homes. Medic?re is ? retirement b?nef?t t? those over 65 ye?rs old. Medic?re does cover some th? costs t? provide help t? th? p?tient such as nurs?ng homes. Th? extent ?f help v?ries by st?te. When se?k?ng help people f?nd th?mselves ask?ng, Where should ? g When should ? g When you feel th?t ? family memb?r may have th? disease ?r ?n need ?f mental ?ttenti?n you should first se? you family physici?n.Th? physici?n will determ?ne ?f th?y b?lieve th? problem t? b? Alzheimers. You should also br?ng medical rec?rds ?nd ? list ?f ?ll medic?ti?n th? p?tient is ?n b?cause certa?n medic?ti?ns ?r th? comb?n?ti?ns ?f medic?ti?ns may resemble Alzheimers. ?n every commun?ty th?re ?re services ?ffered t? assist those people affected by Alzheimers, f?r p?tients, family ?nd c?regivers. Th? Illness ?nd Th? C?regivers Alzheimer’s disease affects th? pers?n w?th th? illness ?nd th? c?regivers. ?t is estim?ted th?t 1-4 people ?re c?regivers. Th? disease has ? l?ng dur?ti?n which impacts m?re ?n th? c?regivers. t c?n cause ? gre?t deal ?f emoti?nal stress t? c?regivers. ?t also has ? f?n?ncial impact ?n those who provide c?re f?r p?tients suffer?ng from Alzheimer’s disease. ?t is estim?ted th?t th? n?ti?nal costs ?f c?r?ng f?r p?tients w?th Alzheimer’s disease is $100 billi?n. ?t c?n also ?ndirectly cause loss productiv?ty, absenteeism ?nd w?rker replacement. (Edw?rds?n, 2007, p361-362) M?ny people w?th Alzheimer’s disease do well ?t home dur?ng th? ?n?tial stages. However eventu?lly th?re is th? need f?r l?ng term c?re facil?ties. L?ng term c?re is def?ned as help from family ?nd friends. t c?n also me?n regul?r vis?ts by home health aides. ?t might also me? n mov?ng th? p?tient t? ?n assisted ?r nurs?ng home th?t c?n provide twenty four medical ?ttenti?ns. Th?re ?re two maj?r types ?f l?ng term facil?ties f?r Alzheimer disease p?tients. ?ne ?f th?m is Nurs?ng home which provides room ?nd bo?rd w?th twenty four hour skilled c?re. ? licensed nurse provides this type ?f c?re. Th?re ?re special un?ts f?r people w?th Alzheimer’s disease. Th? envir?nments, activ?ties, philosophy ?f c?re ?nd staff tra?n?ng ?re based up?n th? needs ?f Alzheimer’s disease p?tients.Nurs?ng homes usu?lly have tra?ned ?nd supp?rtive staff who have knowledge about how t? adjust t? th? p?tient. Th?y have ?nf?rm?ti?n about each p?tient t? ?ndividualize c?re ?nd t? elim?n?te b?havi?ral sympt?ms. Th?re ?re special activ?ties which reduce ?nxiety ?nd ag?t?ti?n. ? nurs?ng home has pleas?ng sights, sounds ?nd smells. Th?y also have ? low noise level ?nd n?n gl?re light?ng. Some facil?ties also have secur?ty measures t? prevent w?nder?ng. ?noth?r type ?f l?ng term facil?ty is assisted liv?ng. This type ?f facil?ty is su?table f?r people who require pers?nal c?re ?nd general guid?nce but do not require ?ny specialized medical c?re.Th?y ?re g?od f?r people w?th moder?te functi?nal impairment. This type ?f l?ng term c?re promotes self directi?n ?nd p?rticip?ti?n ?n decisi?ns. ?t also focuses ?n ?ndependence, privacy ?nd dign?ty. ?t ?ttempts t? cre?te ? home based envir?nment. ?t is ?n ?ttractive opti?n f?r p?tients who se?k assist?nce ?nd ?ndependence ?t th? same time. (First, 2008, p56-88) Conclusion ?n c?nclusi?n Alzheim?r’s d?se?se ?s ? v?ry s?rious c?nd?ti?n th?t affects m?ny people. Th?y do n?t kn?w wh?t causes th?s d?se?se ?r why people get ?t, due t? th? fact th?t th?re ?s ? ch?nce f?r ?ny?ne t? get th?s d?se?se.People must take precauti?ns ?nd se?k th? advice ?f healthc?r? pr?fessi?nals t? b? tested f?r th?s d?se?se. Th?s way th?y have ? ch?nce t? g? ?n liv?ng th?re lives f?r ?s l?ng ?s possible. ?f th?y do n?t se?k c?r? th? n th?y have ? less?r ch?nce ?f liv?ng ? l?ng?r l?fe. Obviously, kn?wledge reg?rd?ng Alzheim?rs d?se?se h?s progressed f?r from th?nk?ng th?t ?t ?s just ? loss ?f mem?ry. Choos?ng th? b?st type ?f l?ng term c?re c?n b? d?fficult f?r c?regivers. Assisted liv?ng facil?ties ?re th? b?st opti?n f?r people w?th e?rly stages ?f th? disease. Nurs?ng home facil?ties ?re b?st f?r p?tients who suffer from adv?nced stages ?f th? disease.Th?s d?se?se produces ? full-blown dementia ?n ?ts p?tients ?nd affects milli?ns ?f people ?nd th?ir families. Th?se people ?nd th?ir families have special needs. C?nsequently, programs, envir?nments, ?nd c?r? approaches must reflect th?s uniqueness. Develop?ng ?n effective c?r?/s?rvice pl?n f?r ? p?rs?n w?th dementia requires c?r?ful ?ssessment ?f th?t p?rs?n, ? detailed pl?n, ?nd ?ttenti?n t? th? ?ndividualized needs ?f p?rs?ns w?th dementia. Alzheimer’s disease c?n cause emoti?nal ?nd f?n?ncial stress t? th? p?tient ?nd th? c?regivers. However th?re ?r e m?ny choices available which c?n improve th? qual?ty ?f l?fe.